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Stephen Hawking, Actor: Star Trek: The Next Generation. "In order to make sure it was understandable, I tried the book out on my nurses. Related: Did Stephen Hawking believe in God? [76] After being diagnosed with motor neurone disease, Hawking fell into a depression – though his doctors advised that he continue with his studies, he felt there was little point. Hawking was born on 8 January 1942[24][25] Using similar techniques, Hawking has proved the basic theorems on the laws governing black holes: that stationary solutions of Einstein's equations with smooth event horizons must necessarily be axisymmetric; and that in the evolution and interaction of black holes, the total surface area of the event horizons must increase. [52] From 1958 on, with the help of the mathematics teacher Dikran Tahta, they built a computer from clock parts, an old telephone switchboard and other recycled components. Talk about creating life in our own image. "[198] The particle was discovered in July 2012 at CERN following construction of the Large Hadron Collider. [399] Hawking appeared in documentaries titled The Real Stephen Hawking (2001),[300] Stephen Hawking: Profile (2002)[400] and Hawking (2013), and the documentary series Stephen Hawking, Master of the Universe (2008). [309] At the time, the date of Hawking's trip to space was projected to be as early as 2009, but commercial flights to space did not commence before his death. Stephen Hawking as Millennium Professor", "Archival material relating to Stephen Hawking", "Stephen Hawking collected news and commentary", Stephen Hawking collected news and commentary, "Stephen Hawking at 70: Exclusive interview", The Universe and Beyond, with Stephen Hawking, These Are The Discoveries that made Stephen Hawking Famous, The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, American Foundation for AIDS Research (AMFAR), Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, Spanish Organization for the Blind (ONCE), Existential risk from artificial general intelligence, Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence, Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence, Artificial intelligence as a global catastrophic risk, Controversies and dangers of artificial general intelligence, Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking&oldid=1016224307, Commanders of the Order of the British Empire, Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, Members of the American Philosophical Society, Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour, Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences, People educated at St Albans High School for Girls, People educated at St Albans School, Hertfordshire, Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, Universal basic income in the United Kingdom, Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y, Articles with self-published sources from March 2018, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Articles lacking reliable references from August 2018, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with ORCID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 2020: Spanish health workers on the front line against, This page was last edited on 6 April 2021, at 01:27. [186][285][295][296], By 2009, he could no longer drive his wheelchair independently, but the same people who created his new typing mechanics were working on a method to drive his chair using movements made by his chin. "[367], At Google's Zeitgeist Conference in 2011, Hawking said that "philosophy is dead". The first recipients of the medals, which were awarded at the festival, were chosen by Hawking himself. Its revelations caused a sensation in the media but, as was his usual practice regarding his personal life, Hawking made no public comment except to say that he did not read biographies about himself. [351] Such a planet-wide disaster need not result in human extinction if the human race were to be able to colonise additional planets before the disaster. [360] Hawking viewed spaceflight and the colonisation of space as necessary for the future of humanity. [251], In 2006, Hawking and Mason quietly divorced,[252][253] and Hawking resumed closer relationships with Jane, his children, and his grandchildren. TORONTO – Renowned physicist Stephen Hawking, who died early today at his home in Cambridge, England at the age of 76, elevated Canada’s profile … [269] Hawking was a popular and witty colleague, but his illness, as well as his reputation for brashness, distanced him from some. [340], Hawking's final broadcast interview, about the detection of gravitational waves resulting from the collision of two neutron stars, occurred in October 2017. [235], Around December 1977, Jane met organist Jonathan Hellyer Jones when singing in a church choir. [65][66] The rowing-coach at the time noted that Hawking cultivated a daredevil image, steering his crew on risky courses that led to damaged boats. [29][30][31][32] Hawking's mother was born into a family of doctors in Glasgow, Scotland. [279][280] The National Health Service was ready to pay for a nursing home, but Jane was determined that he would live at home. [44], Hawking began his schooling at the Byron House School in Highgate, London. [97][98], In the early 1970s, Hawking's work with Carter, Werner Israel, and David C. Robinson strongly supported Wheeler's no-hair theorem, one that states that no matter what the original material from which a black hole is created, it can be completely described by the properties of mass, electrical charge and rotation. [245] In February 1990, Hawking told Jane that he was leaving her for Mason,[246] and departed the family home. But now, 50 years later, I can be quietly satisfied with my life," he wrote. In June 2017, Hawking endorsed the Labour Party in the 2017 UK general election, citing the Conservatives' proposed cuts to the NHS. Stephen Hawking, English theoretical physicist whose theory of exploding black holes drew upon both relativity theory and quantum mechanics. Hawking quickly conceded that he had lost his bet[199][200] and said that Higgs should win the Nobel Prize for Physics,[201] which he did in 2013. He was shown to sing an extended version of the “Galaxy Song”, after running down Brian Cox with his wheelchair, in a pre-recorded video. [308] Fears that the manoeuvres would cause him undue discomfort proved groundless, and the flight was extended to eight parabolic arcs. [357] The same month, it was reported that Hawking's nurse, Patricia Dowdy, had been handed an interim suspension in 2016 for "failures over his care and financial misconduct. [91][92][93] In 1969, Hawking accepted a specially created Fellowship for Distinction in Science to remain at Caius. [259][260], In the late 1960s, Hawking's physical abilities declined: he began to use crutches and could no longer give lectures regularly. [62] Part of the transformation resulted from his decision to join the college boat-club, the University College Boat Club, where he coxed a rowing-crew. Pope Benedict XVI greets British professor Stephen Hawking during a meeting of science academics at the Vatican, on October 31, 2008. [301], In August 2012, Hawking narrated the "Enlightenment" segment of the 2012 Summer Paralympics opening ceremony in London. [56][57][58] Hawking's father advised him to study medicine, concerned that there were few jobs for mathematics graduates. As Hawking insisted, this time the focus was entirely on science. [193] In a 2004 lecture in Dublin, he conceded his 1997 bet with Preskill, but described his own, somewhat controversial solution to the information paradox problem, involving the possibility that black holes have more than one topology. During their first years of marriage, Jane lived in London during the week as she completed her degree at Westfield College. [375][376] He recorded a tribute for the 2000 Democratic presidential candidate Al Gore,[377] called the 2003 invasion of Iraq a "war crime",[376][378] supported the academic boycott of Israel,[379][380] campaigned for nuclear disarmament,[375][376] and supported stem cell research,[376][381] universal health care,[382] and action to prevent climate change. As a result of that research, Hawking proposed a model of the universe based on two concepts of time: "real time," or time as human beings experience it, and quantum theory's "imaginary time.". Along with Roger Penrose, he did ground-breaking work on singularities. [186], Starting in the 1990s, Hawking accepted the mantle of role model for disabled people, lecturing and participating in fundraising activities. 8 January 1942—14 March 2018", Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, "Centre for Theoretical Cosmology: Outreach Stephen Hawking", "Mind over matter: How Stephen Hawking defied Motor Neurone Disease for 50 years", "How Has Stephen Hawking Lived to 70 with ALS? Unfortunately, this seems to have included the late physicist Stephen Hawking.. [355], In March 2019, it was announced that the Royal Mint issued a commemorative 50 pence coin in honour of Hawking. But he was also critical of Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn, expressing scepticism over whether the party could win a general election under him. [175] The same year, Thorne, Hawking and Preskill made another bet, this time concerning the black hole information paradox. [130][131], Cosmological inflation – a theory proposing that following the Big Bang, the universe initially expanded incredibly rapidly before settling down to a slower expansion – was proposed by Alan Guth and also developed by Andrei Linde. [417], The Starmus III Festival in 2016 was a tribute to Stephen Hawking and the book of all Starmus III lectures, "Beyond the Horizon", was also dedicated to him. "His courage and persistence with his brilliance and humor inspired people across the world. To communicate with others, someone who knew him well would interpret his speech into intelligible speech. [254], Hawking had a rare early-onset, slow-progressing form of motor neurone disease (MND; also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrig's disease), a fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects the motor neurones in the brain and spinal cord, which gradually paralysed him over decades. They discussed the Big Bang theory, God and the possibility of extraterrestrial life. [110][111][112] Hawking was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1974, a few weeks after the announcement of Hawking radiation. It might also be the last, unless we learn how to avoid the risks. [394], In 1988, Hawking, Arthur C. Clarke and Carl Sagan were interviewed in God, the Universe and Everything Else. [307][361], Hawking stated that, given the vastness of the universe, aliens likely exist, but that contact with them should be avoided. By the late 1970s and following the publication of further research, the discovery was widely accepted as a significant breakthrough in theoretical physics. [177][195] In January 2014, he called the alleged loss of information in black holes his "biggest blunder". The wager was an "insurance policy" against the proposition that black holes did not exist. [102], Beginning in 1973, Hawking moved into the study of quantum gravity and quantum mechanics. [95] With James M. Bardeen and Brandon Carter, he proposed the four laws of black hole mechanics, drawing an analogy with thermodynamics. [276] In general, Hawking had ambivalent feelings about his role as a disability rights champion: while wanting to help others, he also sought to detach himself from his illness and its challenges. [221] In July 2017, Hawking was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from Imperial College London. [138] The initial singularity of the classical Big Bang models was replaced with a region akin to the North Pole. [21], Hawking had experienced increasing clumsiness during his final year at Oxford, including a fall on some stairs and difficulties when rowing. World-renowned physicist Stephen Hawking, who died March 14, 2018,, didn't believe in God and called heaven "a fairy story." They travelled to the United States several times for conferences and physics-related visits. A type of motor neuron disease, ALS causes nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord … [299][300] In 1999, Hawking was awarded the Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize of the American Physical Society. [286][287] The program was originally run on a desktop computer. This included not only the existence of singularities but also the theory that the universe might have started as a singularity. See Guth (1997) for a popular description of the workshop, or, Stephen Hawking's Black Hole Theory (video; 08:39; 16 October 2018), Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences, Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics, BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award, Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1974, Commander of the Order of the British Empire, Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, United Kingdom withdrawal from the European Union, Stephen Hawking Medal for Science Communication, The Dreams That Stuff Is Made of: The Most Astounding Papers of Quantum Physics and How They Shook the Scientific World, Black Holes & Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy, "The Singularities of Gravitational Collapse and Cosmology", "Stephen Hawking to Join Newton, Darwin in Final Resting Place", "Stephen William Hawking CH CBE. A film version of A Brief History of Time, directed by Errol Morris and produced by Steven Spielberg, premiered in 1992. Hawking's equation, which involves the speed of light, … There is probably no heaven, and no afterlife either. [281][282] Nurses were hired for the three shifts required to provide the round-the-clock support he required. [250] Police investigations took place, but were closed as Hawking refused to make a complaint. Elaine Mason's husband, David, a computer engineer, adapted a small computer and attached it to his wheelchair. Stephen William Hawking (Oxford, 1942. január 8. In October 1964, the couple became engaged to marry, aware of the potential challenges that lay ahead due to Hawking's shortened life expectancy and physical limitations. The NHS must be preserved from commercial interests and protected from those who want to privatise it. "[371], Hawking feared privatisation. "[69][71] He was held in higher regard than he believed; as Berman commented, the examiners "were intelligent enough to realise they were talking to someone far cleverer than most of themselves". His family could not afford the school fees without the financial aid of a scholarship, so Hawking remained at St Albans. We will miss him forever," they wrote. [219][220], In August 2015, Hawking said that not all information is lost when something enters a black hole and there might be a possibility to retrieve information from a black hole according to his theory. [217], On 20 July 2015, Hawking helped launch Breakthrough Initiatives, an effort to search for extraterrestrial life. Let's hope he's wrong", "Stephen Hawking says he has a way to escape from a black hole", "Stephen Hawking awarded Imperial College London's highest honour", "Hawking's last paper co-authored with ERC grantee posits new cosmology", "Hawking and second wife agree to divorce", "Eddie Redmayne wins first Oscar for 'Theory of Everything, "NASA Lecture Series – Dr. Stephen Hawking", "Stephen Hawking's powerchair provider Permobil pays tribute to physics titan", "Getting Back the Gift of Gab: Next-Gen Handheld Computers Allow the Mute to Converse", "Stephen Hawking says pope told him not to study beginning of universe", "The man who saves Stephen Hawking's voice", "How researchers hacked into Stephen Hawking's brain", "Start-up attempts to convert Prof Hawking's brainwaves into speech", "Paralympics: Games opening promises 'journey of discovery, "We don't let animals suffer, says Prof Stephen Hawking, as he backs assisted suicide", "Stephen Hawking, MND sufferer, does ice bucket challenge with a twist", "Stephen Hawking Plans Prelude to the Ride of His Life", "Branson to help Hawking live space dream", "Stephen Hawking felt freedom of weightlessness during KSC visit", "Stephen Hawking (1942–2018) World-renowned physicist who defied the odds", "Stephen Hawking Dies at 76; His Mind Roamed the Cosmos", "Stephen Hawking, author of 'A Brief History of Time,' dies at 76", "Physicist Stephen Hawking dies after living with ALS for 50-plus years", "Stephen Hawking: Tributes pour in for 'inspirational' physicist", "Cambridge colleagues pay tribute to 'inspirational' Hawking", "Queue of people sign book of condolence at Stephen Hawking's former college", "Stephen Hawking Taught Us a Lot About How to Live", "IPC to Pay Tribute to Stephen Hawking During PyeongChang Paralympics Closing Ceremony", "The day Cambridge said goodbye to Stephen Hawking – one of our city's greatest ever academics", "At Stephen Hawking Funeral, Eddie Redmayne and Astronomer Royal Give Readings", Prof Stephen Hawking funeral: Legacy 'will live forever', "Famous guests attend Prof Stephen Hawking's funeral", "Benedict Cumberbatch to take lead role in Stephen Hawking memorial service", "Stephen Hawking funeral: His city stops to salute genius who unlocked secrets of the universe", "Stephen Hawking Mourned by Hundreds at Cambridge Funeral", "Professor Stephen Hawking to be honoured at the Abbey – Westminster Abbey", "Stephen Hawking Enters 'Britain's Valhalla,' Where Space Is Tight", "Stephen Hawking's Ashes Buried in Westminster Abbey", "A simple formula that will make a fitting epitaph", "Stephen Hawking's farewell: As his ashes were buried, his voice was beamed into space", "Stephen Hawking death: The equation the professor asked to be put on his tombstone", "Stephen Hawking's words will be beamed into space", "Stephen Hawking's final interview: A beautiful Universe", "Stephen Hawking's incredible last words will stun you", "4 Smithsonian Space Documentaries You Don't Want to Miss", "Taming the multiverse—Stephen Hawking's final theory about the big bang", "Stephen Hawking's Final Theory About Our Universe Will Melt Your Brain", "The Very Last Paper Stephen Hawking Worked on Has Just Been Published Online – He continued the quest to understand black holes until the end", "Stephen Hawking's Final Paper: How to Escape From a Black Hole – In a study from beyond the grave, the theoretical physicist sings (mathematically) of memory, loss and the possibility of data redemption", "Stephen Hawking feared race of 'superhumans' able to manipulate their own DNA", "In Posthumous Message, Hawking Says Science Under Threat", "Brief Answers to the Big Questions – Hardcover – 16 October 2018 by Stephen Hawking", "Stephen Hawking personal effects fetch £1.8 m at auction", "Stephen Hawking's Wheelchair and Thesis Fetch More Than $1 Million at Auction", "Stephen Hawking's wheelchair, thesis for sale", "UK Put a Black Hole on a 50p Coin to Honour Stephen Hawking, And It Looks Stunning", "Hawking's nurse struck off over his care", "The great man's answer to the question of human survival: Er, I don't know", "Prof Stephen Hawking: disaster on planet Earth is a near certainty", "Colonies in space may be only hope, says Hawking", "Stephen Hawking takes a hard line on aliens", "Stephen Hawking warns over making contact with aliens". [172] In 1994, at Cambridge's Newton Institute, Hawking and Penrose delivered a series of six lectures that were published in 1996 as "The Nature of Space and Time". [402], Hawking allowed the use of his copyrighted voice[403][404] in the biographical 2014 film The Theory of Everything, in which he was portrayed by Eddie Redmayne in an Academy Award-winning role. [197] The particle was proposed to exist as part of the Higgs field theory by Peter Higgs in 1964. [161] A difficulty refusing the invitations and visitors left him limited time for work and his students. [125][225] Hawking later said that the engagement gave him "something to live for". März 2018 im Alter von 76 Jahren. [194][178] In the 2005 paper he published on the subject, he argued that the information paradox was explained by examining all the alternative histories of universes, with the information loss in those with black holes being cancelled out by those without such loss. He said, "Climate change is one of the great dangers we face, and it's one we can prevent if we act now. [234], Hawking returned to Cambridge in 1975 to a new home and a new job, as reader. [302] In 2013, the biographical documentary film Hawking, in which Hawking himself is featured, was released. [113][114], Hawking was appointed to the Sherman Fairchild Distinguished Visiting Professorship at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in 1974. [121], Hawking rarely discussed his illness and physical challenges, even – in a precedent set during their courtship – with Jane. [41][42] During one of Hawking's father's frequent absences working in Africa,[43] the rest of the family spent four months in Mallorca visiting his mother's friend Beryl and her husband, the poet Robert Graves. [351][352][353], On 8 November 2018, an auction of 22 personal possessions of Stephen Hawking, including his doctoral thesis ("Properties of Expanding Universes", PhD thesis, Cambridge University, 1965) and wheelchair, took place, and fetched about £1.8 m.[354][355] Proceeds from the auction sale of the wheelchair went to two charities, the Motor Neurone Disease Association and the Stephen Hawking Foundation;[356] proceeds from Hawking's other items went to his estate. In doing so, the theory suggests a possible resolution of the fine-tuning question. Later discussions with Neil Turok led to the realisation that the existence of God was also compatible with an open universe. During this period—in 1963—Hawking was diagnosed with an early-onset, slow-progressing form of motor neurone disease (also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrig's disease) that gradually paralysed him over the decades. [33][34] His wealthy paternal great-grandfather, from Yorkshire, over-extended himself buying farm land and then went bankrupt in the great agricultural depression during the early 20th century. [386], Hawking was greatly concerned over health care, and maintained that without the UK National Health Service, he could not have survived into his 70s. [99][100] His essay titled "Black Holes" won the Gravity Research Foundation Award in January 1971. [184] Along with Thomas Hertog at CERN and Jim Hartle, from 2006 on Hawking developed a theory of top-down cosmology, which says that the universe had not one unique initial state but many different ones, and therefore that it is inappropriate to formulate a theory that predicts the universe's current configuration from one particular initial state. Again, according to Time, the … "[267] He required much persuasion to accept the use of a wheelchair at the end of the 1960s,[268] but ultimately became notorious for the wildness of his wheelchair driving. [80][81], When Hawking began his graduate studies, there was much debate in the physics community about the prevailing theories of the creation of the universe: the Big Bang and Steady State theories. … He belonged to a family of well educated people. The following year, Hawking was diagnosed with motor neurone disease. [349][350] Also in October 2018, Hawking's last book, Brief Answers to the Big Questions, a popular science book presenting his final comments on the most important questions facing humankind, was published. One cannot travel north of the North Pole, but there is no boundary there – it is simply the point where all north-running lines meet and end. He preferred to be regarded as "a scientist first, popular science writer second, and, in all the ways that matter, a normal human being with the same desires, drives, dreams, and ambitions as the next person. Besides personal ambition, he was motivated by the desire to increase public interest in spaceflight and to show the potential of people with disabilities. At the time, doctors gave him a life expectancy of two years. [203] The book was followed by sequels in 2009, 2011, 2014 and 2016. [163] Hawking travelled extensively to promote his work, and enjoyed partying and dancing into the small hours. Hawking was the first to set out a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. [223][224], Hawking met his future wife, Jane Wilde, at a party in 1962. [82] Inspired by Roger Penrose's theorem of a spacetime singularity in the centre of black holes, Hawking applied the same thinking to the entire universe; and, during 1965, he wrote his thesis on this topic. [305], In late 2006, Hawking revealed in a BBC interview that one of his greatest unfulfilled desires was to travel to space;[306] on hearing this, Sir Richard Branson offered a free flight into space with Virgin Galactic, which Hawking immediately accepted.

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